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1.
Philippine Journal of Health Research and Development ; (4): 62-69, 2020.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-886551

ABSTRACT

@#In response to the global crisis brought about by the coronavirus pandemic, the Philippine government declared a countrywide State of Calamity, apart from imposing quarantines of different stringency across regions. As workplaces have been mandated to implement alternative arrangements, these major changes in turn have caused disruptions in, and called for adjustments to, business operations, with museums being among the affected. As museums are venues that store physical collections that call for physical presence and even the tactile involvement of audiences and visitors, their operations will have to be inevitably transformed post-pandemic, as are their visitors, whose mental health are likely to have been affected by the pandemic and resulting quarantine. Using the lens of crisis management, this paper analyzed the museums’ response to the changes brought about by the spread of disease and the resulting imposition of quarantine. Through a review of the responses of several Manila-based museums to the crisis, the paper assessed the readiness of the museums in creating appropriate and effective measures to manage decreased foot traffic and economic impact, among others. The paper asserts that various tactics were used as reactions, instead of proactive steps, to mitigate the effects of the pandemic to museums. The analyses are juxtaposed with degrowth initiatives, which may potentially address the economic issues arising from the pandemic. These initiatives may be of help in resolving the issue of collections management and curatorship, with a focus on the quality, rather than the quantity, of the museum’s collection and profits. Through postmodern and new museology theory, shifts from physical to virtual and other alternative modes of art experience are discussed as possible and effective solutions to this crisis. Overall, the paper aims to propose a revised model of operation that may be useful to museology in particular, and mental and planetary health in general.


Subject(s)
Mental Health , Museums , Postmodernism , Information Theory , Health Communication
2.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 35(4): 699-706, oct.-dic. 2018. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1043270

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN La Teoría Sociobiológica Informacional propone una definición radicalmente distinta de los sistemas vivos, y con lo mismo es la única teoría neurológica existente que evade el problema mente-cerebro y que explica la naturaleza de la conciencia humana. Fue desarrollada por Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas entre 1984 y 2011. En este documento vamos a realizar un recuento de todas sus obras más importantes. Incluimos, adicionalmente, material inédito de los años 1998, 1999, 2006, y 2009.


ABSTRACT The Informational Sociobiological Theory proposes a radically-different definition of living systems and, therefore, is the only existing neurological theory that evades the mind-brain problem and explains the nature of human consciousness. It was developed by Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas between 1984 and 2011. In this document we are presenting a listing of his main works. We include, additionally, unpublished material of the years 1998, 1999, 2006, and 2009.


Subject(s)
History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Sociobiology/history , Information Theory/history , Peru
4.
Paidéia (Ribeiräo Preto) ; 27(66): 16-23, Jan.-Apr. 2017. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-841950

ABSTRACT

Abstract: The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) is internationally used to assess emotional perception, but there are few validity studies with Brazilian samples. The test was answered by 1440 participants, along with the Computerized Test of Primary Emotions Perception (PEP), and abstract (AR) and verbal reasoning (VR) tasks. RMET items were studied with Rasch model. Results indicate that its items are concentrated at a lower level of difficulty, lacking difficult items to assess higher levels of emotional perception. Both RMET and PEP showed significant correlations with AR and VR, corroborating other studies showing emotional perception is related to other types of intelligence. However the correlation between RMET and PEP was lower than expected (r = .43), suggesting perception of emotions in the eyes is only partially related to perception in the whole face.


Resumo: O Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) é utilizado internacionalmente para avaliação da percepção emocional, mas são poucos os estudosde validade com amostras brasileiras. O teste foi respondido por 1440 participantes, juntamente com o Teste Informatizado de Percepção de Emoções Primárias (PEP) e provas de raciocínio abstrato (RA) e verbal (RV). Os itens do RMET foram estudados com modelo de Rasch. Os resultados indicaram que os itens estão concentrados em um nível menor de dificuldade, com falta de itens difíceis para avaliar níveis mais altos de percepção emocional. Tanto o RMET quanto o PEP mostraram correlações significativas com RA e RV, corroborando estudos que mostram que percepção emocional está relacionada a outros tipos de inteligência. Contudo a correlação entre RMET e PEP foi menor do que esperada (r=0,43), sugerindo que percepção de emoção nos olhos está apenas parcialmente relacionada a percepção na face inteira.


Resumen: La Reading the Mind in theEyes Test (RMET) se utiliza internacionalmente para evaluar la percepción emocional, pero son pocos los estudios de validez con muestras brasileñas. La prueba fue respondida por 1440 participantes, junto con la Prueba Computarizada de Percepción de Emociones Primarias (PEP), y tareas de razonamiento abstracto (RA) y verbal (RV). Los ítems de la RMET fueron estudiados con el modelo de Rasch. Los resultados indicaron que sus elementos se concentran en un nivel inferior de dificultad, corto de ítems difíciles de evaluar niveles superiores de percepción emocional. Tanto RMET como PEP mostraron correlaciones significativas con RA y RV, corroborando otros estudios que muestran que la percepción emocional está relacionada con otros tipos de inteligencia. Sin embargo, la correlación entre RMET y PEP fue menor que lo esperado (r = 0,43), lo que sugiere que percepción de emociones en los ojos está sólo parcialmente relacionada con percepción en toda la cara.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Facial Expression , Information Theory , Intelligence , Psychology
5.
São Paulo; s.n; 2014. 155 p. ilus, tab. (BR).
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-758294

ABSTRACT

O século 20 pode ser identificado como a época em que o modelo de relações sociais e uma série de convenções políticas e comportamentais, públicas e privadas, estabelecidas a partir de meados do século 17, começam a ruir. Com novas maneiras de publicização e novos comportamentos sociais, compreendendo desde iniciativas como o Acesso Aberto, formas colaborativas de produção, questionamento do papel do autor na produção da obra, passando pela pirataria, a influência da legislação de direito autoral sobre a publicização da produção intelectual das universidades públicas tem na contemporaneidade grande importância, ainda por tratar-se de um fenômeno em andamento. Tendo em vista a relevância da produção intelectual universitária e seu papel social, este trabalho se propõe a verificar, com uma remissão histórica, a influência e as limitações impostas pela atual legislação de direito autoral brasileira em sua divulgação e publicização, através de interpretação da legislação e da verificação do papel de sujeitos como autores/pesquisadores/docentes, alunos e consumidores da indústria cultural...


Conclui-se que a legislação de direito autoral ora em vigor no Brasil afeta de maneira deletéria a divulgação e reutilização da produção intelectual das universidades bem como seu acesso pela da sociedade, por caracterizar como necessária a autorização por parte de todos os autores de determinada obra quando se deseja reutilizá-la para quaisquer finalidades, inclusive educacionais. A adesão institucional ao Acesso Aberto, assim como o incentivo da utilização de licenças de uso (em que os autores autorizam previamente a utilização da obra sob determinadas circunstâncias e condições), podem vir a mitigar esses problemas. Outrossim, o avanço da utilização de tecnologias tem favorecido comportamentos relacionados à produção colaborativa e facilitado a remixagem, reutilização e distribuição de produção intelectual, à margem da legislação. O Acesso Aberto, ao promover a liberação à sociedade da produção intelectual das universidades públicas, pode também ser considerado um instrumento para a legitimação do caráter público e gratuito do ensino superior ao tornar tal produção um bem social...


Subject(s)
Access to Information , Copyright/legislation & jurisprudence , Information Theory , Scientific Communication and Diffusion
6.
IJPM-International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2013; 4 (7): 767-776
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-138509

ABSTRACT

Measures of segregation are essential tools for evaluation of social equality. They describe complex structural patterns by single quantities and allow the comparison of inequalities over time or between residential places. In many countries, patterns of residential segregation are well described [e.g., South Africa, Great Britain, United States of America]. In this study, for the first time in Iran, we measured residential segregation for some socioeconomic and health variables and described their pair wise correlation. We measured evenness dimension of segregation by generalized dissimilarity segregation index and information theory index and its ordinal equivalent for some determinants of socioeconomic status and health variables using data of last national census in Iran. Segregation indices were computed for 31 socioeconomic variables and four health indices. All the provinces were in the category of low segregation for individual and family disability and death of at least one offspring of mother, but for infant mortality half of the provinces were moderately or highly segregated. For some of socioeconomic variables, many provinces were in the category of moderate, high, or extreme segregation. There was significant correlation between segregation of health indices and some socioeconomic variables. Correlation of segregation of determinants of socioeconomic status with segregation of health indices is an indicator of existence of hot zones of health problems across some provinces. Further studies using multilevel modeling and individual data in health outcomes at individual level and segregation measures at appropriate geographic levels are required to confirm these relations


Subject(s)
Humans , Socioeconomic Factors , Infant Mortality , Information Theory , Evaluation Studies as Topic , Social Isolation
7.
São Paulo; s.n; 2013. 155 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1178994

ABSTRACT

Introdução. Nossa sociedade vive num momento chamado de condição Tecno-humana. Este momento tem como principal característica a habilidade de mudança de processos, posições e estratégias. O ambiente educacional tem a possibilidade de ressignificar a si mesmo e o uso de inovações tecnológicas nas aulas. Alunos, educadores, diretores escolares, pais e pesquisadores estão discutindo o processo educacional nesta nova sociedade. O uso das TICs é um interesse atual dos pesquisadores na busca de das melhores práticas para o cenário educacional. Aulas presencias não são mais o único ambiente de aprendizagem, então, é importante considerar como os ambientes de aprendizagem presencial e online podem auxiliar os alunos a assimilar conhecimento. Métodos. Esta pesquisa é um estudo exploratório-descritivo com uma abordagem quantitativa. O objetivo foi analisar o conhecimento assimilado e o comportamento das presenças educacional, social e cognitiva em ambientes presencial e virtual de aprendizagem. O método foi desenvolvido para analisar uma disciplina realizada em dois ambientes de aprendizagem: presencial e virtual. Dois sub-delineamentos foram realizados. Uma coleta de dados longitudinal foi realizada para mensurar o grau de conhecimento antes e depois da exposição dos alunos à disciplina (independente do ambiente). Um segundo sub-delineamento, a coleta transversal de dados foi realizada para identificar as presenças educacional, social e cognitiva por meio da percepção dos alunos, após o término da disciplina. O estudo foi realizado em uma instituição de ensino superior na região do Alto Tietê São Paulo.A população de estudo foi composta por alunos de graduação de um curso oferecido em ambos os ambientes, matriculados na disciplina de estudo no primeiro semestre de 2012 e aceitaram participar da pesquisa. A disciplina teve o mesmo professor, estrutura, conteúdo, objetivos e conteúdos. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos de coleta de dados: o primeiro foi um formulário contendo dez questões fechadas e de múltipla escolha sobre os conteúdos da disciplina, contendo somente uma resposta correta; o segundo foi um instrumento que, por meio da escala de Lickert, permitiu mensurar as presenças educacional, social e cognitiva, por meio da percepção doa aluno. Tal instrumento foi traduzido e teve sua confiabilidade avaliada pelo teste Alpha de Cronbarch. Resultados. Trinta e três alunos participaram da pesquisa, sendo 52% no ambiente de aprendizagem presencial e 48% no ambiente virtual. Os alunos foram caracterizados como mulheres, com renda menor que 2 salários mínimos, com casa própria e computador e internet no domicílio. A proporção de respostas corretas no pós teste foi maior que no pré teste (presencial: aumento de 46% para 69%; virtual: aumento de 46% para 625). O teste Qui-Quadrado/Exato de Fisher demonstrou que as proporções de respostas corretas no pós teste (em ambos os ambientes) foram estatisticamente significativas. Entretanto, nenhuma diferença significativa foi identificada entre as proporções de respostas corretas entre os ambientes. Assim, é claro que os grupos deste estudo obtiveram o mesmo grau de aprendizado depois da exposição à disciplina. Mas, um olhar na literatura sobre o desempenho de alunos em ambientes virtuais de aprendizagem demonstra que o tema é uma preocupação antiga dos pesquisadores e que não há consenso na literatura, uma vez que os achados divergem:de um melhor desempenho no ambiente virtual ao desempenho sem diferenças significativas entre os ambientes virtual e presencial. No entanto, o teste Qui-Quadrado/ Exato de Fisher demonstrou que a presença educacional foi melhor percebida no ambiente virtual, e a presença social melhor percebida no ambiente presencial. Em ambos os ambientes, a presença cognitiva foi a melhor percebida. A literatura apresenta que sem a percepção de estar se relacionado com outrem, o aluno possivelmente não aprenda. Neste estudo, em ambos os ambientes o aluno percebeu-se numa relação com outrem, com o professor (no ambiente virtual) e com os pares (no ambiente presencial). Ainda, a literatura aborda a necessidade do aluno ser responsável pelo seu conhecimento e aprendizado, demonstrando que, entre a mediação pedagógica (proporção na qual as presenças educacional, social e cognitiva são percebidas) e o aprendizado, há a autonomia do aluno conectando um aspecto ao outro. Ressalta-se que, nenhuma das variáveis independentes de estudo (sexo, idade, renda, moradia, computador e internet em casa) estiveram associadas significativamente ao grau de assimilação do conhecimento ou às presenças educacional, social e cognitiva. Conclusão. Este estudo alcançou seu objetivos ao encontrar que ambos os ambientes proporcionaram o aprendizado, sem diferenças significativas, desde que a disciplina (e seus objetivos e conteúdos) e o professor foram os mesmos. Ainda, possibilitou compreender que a necessidade do aluno perceber-se presente no ambiente de aprendizagem por meio da relação com outrem é importante para seu aprendizado. Entretanto, o estudo teve um número limitado de alunos participantes. Então, é importante replicar este estudo em outras realidades e para grupos maiores.E, ainda, é importante analisar o impacto de cada presença dentro do ambiente de aprendizagem, consolidando os conhecimentos existentes acerca da mediação pedagógica aplicada a cada tipo de ambiente de aprendizagem.


Introduction. Our society lives in a moment called Techno-human Condition. This moment has as principal characteristic the ability to change processes, positions, and strategies. It gives for educational environment a possibility to re-analyse itself and use technological innovations into classes. Students, educators, school directors, parents and researchers are trying to discuss educational process into this new society. Use of ICTs is a current interest of researches in order to find the best practices in educational scenario. Face-to-face is not the only learning environment so it is important to consider how face-to-face and online learning environments can help students to develop knowledge. Methods. This research is an exploratory and descriptive study and had a quantitative approach. The objective was to analyse knowledge built and the behaviour of educational, social and cognitive presence inside face-to-face and online learning environments. Method was built to analyse a discipline held in two different learning environments: face-to-face and online. Two sub-designs were developed. A longitudinal data collection was made to measure level of knowledge before and after student exposure to the discipline (regardless of his environment). A second data collection was done as a transversal design to identify educational, social and cognitive presence through students perceptions after discipline exposure. It was conducted in a Private Institution of Higher Education in the State of São Paulo (Brazil).Study population was composed of students from an undergraduate course offered in both environments who were enrolled at it in the first half of 2012 and agreed to participate. Discipline had the same teacher, workload, objectives and contents in both learning environments. Two data collection forms were used: at first was a form containing ten closed questions of multiple choice with one correct answer about discipline contents; second form was a Lickert scale instrument to measure educational, social and cognitive presence through students perceptions. This second form was translated and had its reliability tested by Alpha of Cronbarch. Data collection instrument for knowledge measurement constituted in a form done with closed questions with multiple-choice answers about the disciplines main subjects, containing only one correct answer. Ten questions were formulated. Instrument was applied in both environments before and after the discipline. Results. Thirty-three students participated in the survey, 52% of them in the face-to-face learning environment, and 48% in the online learning environment. Students were characterized as women with income less than a US$ 600,00 monthly salary, with proper house, computer and broadband Internet. The proportion of correct answers in the post-test of both groups was higher than pre-test (face-to-face: increase 46% to 69%; online: increase 46% to 62%).Chi-square statistical test/ Fishers Exact demonstrated that the proportions of correct answers in post-test (in both environments) were statistically significant. However, no significant difference was identified between the proportions of correct answers in the post-test between environments. Thus, it is clear that groups in this study had the same degree of learning, regardless of the environment, after discipline exposure. But a look beneath the literature about the performance of students in online learning environments realizes that the topic is an old interesting subject for researchers and there is no consensus, since the findings diverge: to better performance in online learning environment, for performance without significant differences between online and face-to-face environments. However, Chi-square test/ Fishers Exact demonstrated that educational presence was better perceived inside online learning environment, and social presence inside face-to-face environment. Cognitive presence was the most perceived in both environments. Literature presents that probably without any perception of interaction with other students could not learn. In this study, in both environments, students perceived a relationship with other, with teacher (inside online learning environment) and peers (inside online learning environment) Literature also reinforce the need of student be responsible by his knowledge and learning demonstrating that between pedagogical mediation (proportion in which educational, social and cognitive presence are perceived) and learning, there is students autonomy connecting those aspects. None of independent variable of study (sex, age, income, proper house, computer and broadband internet) were significantly related to knowledge and educational, social and cognitive presence.Conclusion. This study achieved its goal, finding the fact that both environments enabled learning without significant differences, since the discipline (and its objectives and contents) and the teacher are the same. Though, study allowed comprehension of students need of perceiving him present inside learning environment through relationship with other is important for learning. However, this study has a limited number of students participating on it. So, it is important to replicate it in other realities and for higher groups. And, it is also important to analyse the impact of each presence inside learning environment consolidating existent knowledge about pedagogical mediation inside each type or learning environment.


Subject(s)
Communication , Education, Distance , Information Theory
8.
Psico USF ; 17(2): 263-272, maio-ago. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-649536

ABSTRACT

De modo geral, as investigações acerca da atenção seletiva apresentaram uma grande ênfase no estudo do processamento da informação visual de baixo nível e médio nível, fazendo uso, para tanto, de estímulos visuais relativamente simples (letras, números e formas geométricas). No entanto, tem crescido o número de estudos sobre a influência da informação de alto nível no processamento de cenas mais complexas e contextualizadas. A presente revisão tem como objetivo apresentar estudos relevantes sobre este tema e centra a sua discussão nos principais aspectos divergentes entre os modelos discretos do processamento atentivo, que preveem que a informação de alto-nível é processada em momentos tardios, e os modelos de processamento inicial, que preveem uma influência da informação de alto-nível em momentos precoces do processo de seleção da informação visual.


The researches about selective attention showed great emphasis on the study of low-level and mid-level processing of visual information, using relatively simple visual stimulus (letters, numbers and geometric shapes). However, there are an increasing number of studies about the influence of high-level information on the selection with complex scenes in natural contexts. The aim to present article is review the relevant studies about this area and highlight the differences between the discrete process model, which predicts that high-level information is processed in the late stages, and the early model that predicts an influence of high-level information on early visual selection.


En general, las investigaciones respecto a la atención selectiva presentaron gran énfasis en el estudio del procesamiento de la información visual de bajo nivel y medio nivel, haciendo uso, para tanto, de estímulos visuales relativamente simples (letras, números y formas geométricas). Sin embargo, ha crecido el número de estudios sobre la influencia de la información de alto nivel en el procesamiento de escenas más complejas y contextualizadas. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo presentar estudios relevantes sobre este tema y centrar su discusión en los principales aspectos divergentes entre los modelos discretos del procesamiento atentivo, que predicen que la información de alto nivel es procesada en momentos tardíos, y los modelos de procesamiento inicial, que predicen una influencia de la información de alto nivel en momentos precoces del proceso de selección de la información visual.


Subject(s)
Attention , Information Theory , Space Perception , Visual Perception
9.
Iranian Journal of Public Health. 2012; 41 (4): 69-79
in English | IMEMR | ID: emr-128583

ABSTRACT

There is a great amount of literature concerning the effect of racial segregation on health outcomes but few papers have discussed the effect of segregation on the basis of social, demographic and economic characteristics on health. We estimated the independent effect of segregation of determinants of socioeconomic status on infant mortality in Iranian population. For measuring segregation, we used generalized dissimilarity index for two group and multi group nominal variables and ordinal information theory index for ordinal variables. Sample data was obtained from Iranian latest national census and multilevel modeling with individual variables at level one and segregation indices measured at province level for socioeconomic status variables at level two were used to assess the effect of segregation on infant mortality. Among individual factors, mother activity was a risk factor for infant mortality. Segregated provinces in regard to size of the house, ownership of a house and motorcycle, number of literate individual in the family and use of natural gas for cooking and heating had higher infant mortality. Segregation indices measured for education level, migration history, activity, marital status and existence of bathroom were negatively associated with infant mortality. Segregation of different contextual characteristics of neighborhood had different effects on health outcomes. Studying segregation of social, economic, and demographic factors, especially in communities, which are racially homogenous, might reveal new insights into dissimilarities in health


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant Mortality , Social Class , Information Theory , Health
10.
Rev. peru. epidemiol. (Online) ; 15(1)abr. 2011. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-619969

ABSTRACT

El Centro de Investigación Anastomosis, en Lima-Perú, ha publicado La Explicación Informacional (2011), libro recopilatorio de la obra breve del Dr. Pedro Ortiz Cabanillas, creador de la Teoría Informacional de la Personalidad (TIP). En este contexto, en las presentes líneas se hace una revisión muy somera de los planteamientos más generales de la TIP en términos bastante simples, para invitar al lector no relacionado con el tema a una de las experiencias más apasionantes que pudieran acontecerle: el entendimiento de una teoría destinada a la comprensión de la esencia del ser humano: psíquico y social.


Subject(s)
Neurosciences , Personality , Information Theory
11.
Rev. latinoam. enferm ; 19(2): 396-402, Mar.-Apr. 2011.
Article in English | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-586787

ABSTRACT

This study identified the purposes of the communication process in the group activities of the Family Health strategy from the perspective of nurses. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and recorded with 60 nurses and non-participant observation with 19 group activities, analyzed according to qualitative content analysis. Five categories emerged: Health education, Clinical follow-up, Co-responsibilization of patients, Team-Community Interaction, and Work Organization. These categories revealed that the establishment of reciprocal interactions among professionals, patients and families favor health promotion because it encourages the exchange of knowledge among the participants concerning their health experiences.


Objetivou-se, por este estudo, identificar os sentidos de finalidade do processo comunicacional nas atividades em grupo da Estratégia Saúde da Família, na perspectiva dos enfermeiros. Usaram-se as técnicas de entrevista semiestruturada gravada, com 60 enfermeiros, e de observação não participante, em 19 atividades em grupo, analisadas segundo abordagem qualitativa de conteúdo. Evidenciaram-se cinco categorias: educação em saúde, acompanhamento clínico, corresponsabilização dos clientes, interação equipe/comunidade e organização do trabalho, permitindo inferir que o estabelecimento de interações de reciprocidade entre profissionais/clientes/família favorece a intervenção promotora da saúde, por estimular a troca de conhecimentos entre os participantes, a respeito de suas experiências de saúde.


Se objetivó identificar los sentidos de finalidad del proceso de comunicación en las actividades en grupo de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, en la perspectiva de los enfermeros. Se usó las técnicas de entrevista semiestructurada grabada con 60 enfermeros y de observación no participante en 19 actividades en grupo, analizadas según el abordaje cualitativo de contenido. Se evidenció cinco categorías: Educación en Salud, Acompañamiento Clínico, Corresponsabilidad de los Clientes, Interacción Equipo Comunidad y Organización del Trabajo. Ellos permitieron inferir que el establecimiento de interacciones de reciprocidad entre profesionales, clientes y familia favorece la intervención promotora de la salud por estimular el intercambio de conocimientos entre los participantes al respecto de sus experiencias de salud.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Communication , Nurses , Nurses, Male , Group Processes , National Health Strategies , Nurse-Patient Relations , Information Theory
12.
The Korean Journal of Laboratory Medicine ; : 357-363, 2010.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-77841

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is considered the most useful among tumor markers currently used. However, its quantitative results are interpreted only qualitatively for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The recently introduced information theory enables the information of the quantitative results transformed into Shannon's entropy (S) that represents uncertainties and then "1-S" representing diagnostic certainty. METHODS: The 882 urological patients enrolled were categorized into 2 groups: a patient group comprising 233 patients with prostate cancer and a disease control group comprising 649 patients with benign prostate disease. The level of PSA in all the patients was tested and was found to be > or =2 ng/mL. The variables like PSA level and age were modeled on logistic regression analysis to predict the probability of prostate cancer and the diagnostic certainty. RESULTS: The mean (SD) of PSA levels in the patient group and the disease control group were 44.5 ng/mL (37.62 ng/mL) and 5.7 ng/mL (3.70 ng/mL), respectively. The logistic regression model fitted well when the age variable was dichotomized at the age of 55 yr. The diagnostic certainty was lowest at a PSA level of 18.90 ng/mL in the 55-yr age group. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic certainty (1-S) of whether to diagnose prostate cancer or not at a certain PSA level could be obtained using the information theory. The methodology used in this study may help interpret the results of other quantitative tests.


Subject(s)
Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Age Factors , Entropy , Information Theory , Logistic Models , Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood , Prostatic Diseases/diagnosis , Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnosis
13.
Acimed (Impr.) ; 20(5)nov. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-547009

ABSTRACT

Se propone el objeto de estudio de la Ciencia de la Información desde un análisis sistémico abstracto-analítico. Se argumenta que la Ciencia de la Información abstracto-analítica no estudia la información en toda su plenitud concreta, sino en un nivel determinado estructural de organización de la información. Se afirma que el objeto de estudio actual de la Ciencia de la Información, desde la perspectiva del conocimiento abstracto-analítico, lo constituye la interacción separada de forma abstracta, que corresponde con el nivel estructural-informacional de organización del sistema de información interactivo. Se considera, de esta manera, que el objeto de estudio de la Ciencia de la Información abstracto-analítica son las formas y regularidades de los vínculos sígnicos productivos, la interacción informacional del sujeto con el objeto. Se propone, de forma argumentada, un esquema perspectivo del desarrollo del sistema de ciencias de la información y su interrelación con las ciencias colindantes.


It is proposed the object of study of Science of the Information from a systemic abstract-analytic analysis. Also it is argued that the Science of the abstract-analytic Information doesn't study the information in all its concrete fullness, but in a certain structural level of organization of the information. It is affirmed that the current study of the Science of the Information, from the perspective of the abstract-analytic knowledge, constitutes the separated interaction from abstract form that corresponds with the structural-informacional level of organization of the interactive system of information. It is considered, in this way that the object of study of the Science of the abstract-analytic Information are the forms and regularities of the productive linguists links, the informational interaction of the subject with the object. Finally, it is proposed, -in an argued form-, a perspective scheme of the development of Sciences of Information system of and it's interrelation with adjacent sciences.


Subject(s)
Information Science , Information Theory
14.
Acimed (Impr.) ; 20(3)sept. 2009.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-546995

ABSTRACT

La humanidad evoluciona en sus discusiones internas y externas, las cuales reflejan y propician la construcción de modos particulares de ser y pensar. El arte de investigar no escapa a esos modos, sino que favorece su materialización y expansión asociada, generalmente, con determinados paradigmas de investigación. En uno de ellos, el cualitativo, se centra el interés del presente estudio. A partir de la conceptuación de sus características particulares se indaga sobre su presencia en las investigaciones de la Bibliotecología y la Ciencia de la Información y se ejemplifica en las áreas de la recuperación de información y los estudios de usuarios.


Humanity evolves in its internal and external discussions, which reflect and contribute to the creation of specific modes of being and thinking. The art of researching does not escape from these modes, but favours their manifestation and expansion, which are generally associated with certain paradigms of research. The present study focuses on one of them: the qualitative paradigm. Starting from the conceptualisation of its specific characteristics, its presence in the research of Library Science and Information Science is studied and it is exemplified in the fields of information retrieval and user studies.


Subject(s)
Humans , Information Storage and Retrieval/methods , Library Science , Information Science , Qualitative Research , Information Theory
15.
Biol. Res ; 42(2): 223-232, 2009. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-524893

ABSTRACT

The so-called theory of intelligent design (ID) has gained a growing reputation in the Anglo-Saxon culture, becoming a subject of public debate. The approaches that constitute the core of this proposal, however, have been poorly characterized and systematized. The three most significant authors of ID are certainly Michael Behe, William Dembski and Stephen Meyer. Beyond the differences that can be distinguished in the work of each of them, the central fact in their arguments is the complexity of living organisms, which according to these authors, escapes any kind of natural explanation. In effect, according to the authors of ID, the irreducible complexity that can be detected in the natural world would allow to infer design in a scientifically valid way, even though many of them prefer to remain silent regarding the identity and attributes of the designer. We think that under this proposal, remains a deep epistemological confusion, since its very structure combines methodologies that are beyond the scope of historical and natural evolutionary theories. We also reject the claim that ID is a legitimate scientific theory, because it does not exhibit the classical characteristics that a scientific kind of knowledge must have.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Biological Evolution , Knowledge , Information Theory
16.
Acimed (Impr.) ; 18(5)nov. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-515668

ABSTRACT

Se trata, en primer lugar, la noción de disciplina en el contexto de la investigación científica, como punto de partida para el estudio de las nuevas alternativas a la disciplinariedad como modelo investigativo. A continuación, se definen brevemente los sistemas de organización del conocimiento para entonces examinar la propuesta de los llamados niveles integrativos, manifestación de la naturaleza transdisciplinar en las nuevas perspectivas en la organización del conocimiento. Se analiza además, la noción de niveles de realidad como uno de los principios básicos del enfoque transdisciplinar, a partir de un breve acercamiento a los principales autores que han aportado a su comprensión, y a sus planteamientos fundamentales.


The concept of discipline in the context of scientific research is dealt with, as a starting point for the study of the new alternatives to disciplinarity as a research model. On the other hand, the knowledge organization systems are briefly analyzed to examine the proposal of the so- called integrative levels, manifestation of the transdisciplinary nature of the new perspectives in knowledge organization. The notion of levels of reality as one of the basic principles of the transdisciplinary approach is also analyzed by getting closer to the main authors that have contributed to its understanding and fundamental statements.


Subject(s)
Information Storage and Retrieval , Library Science , Information Science , Information Theory
17.
Suma psicol ; 15(2): 423-435, sept. 2008.
Article in French | LILACS | ID: lil-506400

ABSTRACT

Este artículo propone una reflexión entorno a la pregunta ¿Cómo los mediosde comunicación informan a los ciudadanos acerca de una confrontación armada y cuáles variables intervienen en la puesta en discurso de la guerra? Planteamos que ese trabajo informativo está determinado no sólopor variables propias de los medios sino también por las restricciones propiasde una situación de guerra. Esta hipótesis, que parece apriori evidente,enfatiza que la producción de la información en situación de guerra nodepende exclusivamente de las intensiones y del trabajo de los profesionalesde la información. En efecto, numerosas imposiciones militares y estratégicas entran en contradicción con los principios de neutralidad,imparcialidad, defendidos por los medios de comunicación y por los profesionales.


Cet article propose une réflexion autour de la question Comment lesmédias de masse informent-ils les citoyens à propos d'une confrontationarmée et quelles variables interviennent dans la mis-e en discours d'uneguerre par les médias? Nous faisons l'hypothèse que ce travail informatifest déterminé non seulement par des variables propres aux médiasmais aussi par les contraintes propres à une situation de guerre.Cette hypothèse, qui semblerait a priori évidente, met l'accent sur lefait que la production de l'information, en situation de guerre, nedépend pas exclusivement des intentions et du travail desprofessionnels de l'information. En effet, de nombreuses contraintesmilitaires et stratégiques entrent en contradiction avec les principesde 'neutralité', d'impartialité', etc. défendus par les médias de masseet leurs professionnels.


Subject(s)
Communications Media , Information Theory
18.
Univ. psychol ; 7(3): 629-642, sept. 2008.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-575883

ABSTRACT

La forma en que las personas interactúan con otros y acceden a la información ha cambiado drásticamente con la popularización de las “tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC’s)”. Sin embargo, en la teoría de la relevancia Sperber y Wilson (1986) insisten en que nuestro sistema cognitivo se basa en un único criterio cuando interactúa con el mundo circundante: la necesidad de estar orientado hacia la relevancia. Básicamente, cuando interpretamos, cuando accedemos a la información, o cuando aprendemos, todos procedemos a una evaluación de coste-beneficio que pretende obtener información interesante (re-escrita como efectos cognitivos) a cambio del menor esfuerzo de procesamiento posible. El artículo parte de esta premisa de la teoría de la relevancia, pero también muestra cómo los atributos de los ciber-medios alteran la forma en que se evalúa este equilibrio de coste-beneficio y cómo se generan resultados (ir) relevantes a partir de la interacción cognitiva de las personas con estos medios.


The way people interact with other people and access information has changed drastically with the popularisation of “information and communication technologies” (ICT). However, in relevance theory Sperber and Wilson (1986) insist that our cognitive system relies on only one criterion when interacting with the surrounding world: the need to be relevanceoriented. Basically, when interpreting, when accessing information, or when learning, we all engage in a cost-benefit procedure intended to obtain interesting information (named cognitive effects) in exchange for the least mental effort. This article starts with this relevance-theoretic premise, but also shows how the qualities of (now popularized) cyber-media alter the way this cost-benefit balance is assessed and how (ir)relevant outcomes emerge from people’s cognitive interaction with these media.


Subject(s)
Access to Information , Information Theory , Information Technology
19.
Rev. colomb. biotecnol ; 10(1): 64-74, jul. 2008. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-503543

ABSTRACT

La transformacion que experimenta la biotecnologia con la informacion biologica a escala de sistemas es de tal magnitud y profundidad, que solo a traves de redes globales de cooperacion es posible realizar investigacion competitiva. Las aplicaciones que ahora emergen, aparte de las biofarmaceuticas y agroindustriales que ya entran en su madurez, dan lugar a una nueva medicina molecular, predictiva, preventiva, personalizada, participativa y accesible en forma digital. Una combinacion sin precedentes de tecnicas genomicas y proteomicas permite seguir el curso de la expresion de todos los genes y proteinas de cada individuo asi como la vida social de tales moleculas informacionales, que es donde radican los eventos cruciales para la prediccion del riesgo y la deteccion precoz de enfermedades comunes. Esa sociedad de bioinformacion a escala molecular sigue el mismo tipo de patrones de redes complejas propias de los sistemas sociales y ecologicos, que se repiten en forma fractal a toda escala incluyendo las redes neuronales, genomicas, proteomicas y metabolomicas. A cada nivel de complejidad aparece la firma indeleble de la autoorganizacion, redes entrelazadas cuyos nodos se conectan entre si de acuerdo con una ley de potencia con una distribucion desigual de enlaces entre los nodos, donde muy pocos dominan todas las conexiones y, por ende, la red completa. La importancia practica de esos super nodos, genes y proteinas, se aprecia a partir de 2007 con mas de una docena de publicaciones que demuestran la asociacion de variaciones genomicas con enfermedades comunes. El valor predictivo de estas asociaciones genomicas, no necesariamente deterministas, se incrementa notablemente al combinarlas con otros factores de riesgo de tipo clinico y metabolico haciendo posible una determinacion mas precisa del riesgo, la prevencion y atencion personalizada de la enfermedad.


Subject(s)
Information Science , Information Theory , Proteome
20.
Acimed (Impr.) ; 17(1)ene. 2008.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-485999

ABSTRACT

Se introduce el tema con la explicación del porqué la teoría bibliológico-informativa asume una nueva denominación para la disciplina que se identificaba en su sistema de conocimientos como Ciencia de la Información: Infobibliología. Se justifica la concepción de esta disciplina como una nueva especialización en la esfera bibliológica surgida durante el siglo XX. Se complementan las consideraciones publicadas sobre la bibliología desde el punto de vista de la teoría y se sintetizan los antecedentes y el estado actual del fenómeno bibliológico propiamente, la estructura y la ley general de la Bibliología contemporánea. Se presenta también la evolución del fenómeno científico-informativo o de análisis de la información como objeto de estudio de la Infobibliología.


The subject is introduced by explaning why the Bibliologic-Informative Theory assumes a new name for the discipline that was identified in its knowledge system as Information Science: Infobibliology. The conception of this discipline is justified as a new specialization in the bibliologic field that emerged during the 20th century. The considerations published on Bibliology are complemented from the theoretical point of view, and the antecedents and current state of the bibliologic phenomenon, as well as the structure and general law of the contemporary Bibliology are synthesized. The evolution of the scientific-informative phenomenon or of the analysis of information as an object of study of Infobibliology is presented.


Subject(s)
Library Science , Information Science , Information Theory
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